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Nasz ulubiony okres posiadania to „na zawsze”. începe să înveți
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Our favourite holding period is forever.
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Termin papiery wartościowe odnosi się do akcji, obligacji i instrumentów rynku pieniężnego. începe să înveți
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The term securities refers to stock, bonds and money market instruments.
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Inwestorzy indywidualni i instytucje finansowe mogą kupować akcje spółek notowanych na giełdzie. începe să înveți
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Individual investors and financial institutions can buy stocks (=equities) of companies listed on a stock exchange.
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Termin „udziały” obejmuje zarówno akcje, jak i prywatne udziały w małych firmach, które nie są przedmiotem obrotu publicznego. începe să înveți
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The term shares includes both stocks and privately held stakes in small firms that are not publicly traded.
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Menedżer funduszu może wybrać koszyk akcji i umieścić go w funduszu inwestycyjnym (w Wielkiej Brytanii: funduszu powierniczym). începe să înveți
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A basket of stocks can be picked by a fund manager and put together into a mutual fund (UK: unit trust).
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Fundusze mogą inwestować w konkretne kraje, różne sektory rynku lub różne sektory rynku, albo mogą „śledzić” (=dokładnie podążać) za konkretnym indeksem. începe să înveți
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Funds may invest in particular countries, or different sectors of the market, or different sectors of the market, or may 'track' (=exactly follow) a particular index.
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Każdy fundusz będzie miał cel inwestycyjny, którym zazwyczaj będzie albo regularny dochód (z dywidend od akcji), albo długoterminowy wzrost kapitału (ze wzrostu ceny akcji), albo równowaga między tymi dwoma începe să înveți
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Each fund will have an investment objective, normally either regular income (from share dividends) or long-term capital growth (from an increase in the share price) or a balance between the two
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Akcje są kupowane i sprzedawane na giełdzie papierów wartościowych (=bourse). Czasami jest to fizyczna lokalizacja, jak New York Stock Exchange na Wall Street. Innym razem nie ma lokalizacji: NASDAQ jest giełdą elektroniczną. începe să înveți
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Stocks are bought and sold on a stock exchange (=bourse). Sometimes this is a physical location, like the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street. Other times there is no location: the NASDAQ is an electronic exchange.
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Niewielką, wybraną grupę akcji można połączyć w celu utworzenia indeksu. începe să înveți
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A small selected group of stocks can be brought together to make an index.
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Organizacja wydawnicza Dow Jones opracowuje „Dow” (indeks 30 największych spółek), a Standard and Poor's – agencja ratingowa – opracowuje dziesiątki różnych indeksów w oparciu o wielkość spółki lub sektor rynku. începe să înveți
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The Dow Jones publishing organization compiles "the Dow" (an index of 30 large companies), and Standard and Poor's - a credit ratings agency - compiles dozens of different indices based on company size or market sector.
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Analiza poszczególnych spółek: ich pozycja rynkowa i wyniki începe să înveți
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Analysis of individual companies: their market position and performance
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Analiza gospodarki krajowej i światowej începe să înveți
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Analysis of the national and global economy
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Analiza techniczna: wykorzystywanie wykresów i wewnętrznych statystyk rynkowych (np. wolumenu i dynamiki) w celu identyfikacji przyszłych trendów i punktów zwrotnych începe să înveți
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Technical analysis: using charts and internal market statistics (eg volume and momentum) to identify future trends and turning points
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Rynek obligacji jest około dziesięć razy większy niż rynek akcji începe să înveți
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The bond market is about ten times bigger than the stock market
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Jeśli rząd lub duża firma chce pożyczyć dużą sumę pieniędzy, emituje obligacje i otrzymuje pieniądze w formie pożyczki od instytucji lub osoby fizycznej, która je kupuje (=posiadacza obligacji). începe să înveți
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If a government or large company wants to borrow a large sum of money, it issues a bond and receives the money as a loan from the institution or individual who buys it (= the bondholder).
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Pierwotna kwota (= kapitał) jest następnie spłacana w ustalonym okresie czasu (= zapadalność / okres pożyczki). Posiadacz obligacji otrzymuje również odsetki (= kupon). începe să înveți
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The original amount (= the principal) is then paid back over a fixed period of time (= the maturity / the term of the loan). The bondholder also receives interest (= the coupon).
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Rynek obligacji jest w całości elektroniczny i nie obejmuje żadnej fizycznej wymiany. începe să înveți
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The bond market is entirely electronic and does not have any physical exchanges.
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Obligacje rządowe USA obejmują 30-letnie obligacje skarbowe (T-bond) i 10-letnie obligacje skarbowe (T-note), podczas gdy europejskie obligacje rządowe obejmują niemieckie Bundy. Wszystkie te obligacje są uważane za nisko ryzykowne. începe să înveți
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US government bonds include the 30 year T-bond (treasure bond) and the 10 year T-note, while European government bonds include the German Bund. These are all considered to be low-risk.
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Obligacje korporacyjne mają dwie klasy, w zależności od ryzyka, czyli ratingu kredytowego spółki. începe să înveți
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Corporate bonds have two grades, depending on the risk, ie the credit rating of the company.
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Bezpieczniejsze obligacje korporacyjne nazywane są obligacjami „inwestycyjnymi”, natomiast obligacje wysokiego ryzyka (firma może zbankrutować lub nie wywiązać się ze swoich zobowiązań) nazywane są obligacjami o wysokiej rentowności începe să înveți
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Safer corporate bonds are called "investment grade', while high-risk bonds (the company might go bankrupt or default on its repayments) are called "high-yield bonds"
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Obligacjami można handlować na otwartym rynku – pierwotny nabywca nie musi ich posiadać do dnia wygaśnięcia începe să înveți
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Bonds can be traded on the open market - they don't have to be held by the original buyer until maturity.
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W szczególności ich cena rośnie i spada w okresie trwania pożyczki, zgodnie ze zmianami inflacji i kursów walut începe să înveți
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In particular, their price goes up and down over the term of the loan according to inflation and currency movements
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Inflacja – odsetki od obligacji są stałe w okresie ich trwania, więc rosnąca inflacja obniży końcową wartość obligacji începe să înveți
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Inflation - the interest repaid on a bond is fixed over term, so rising inflation will reduce the bond's final value
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Wahania walutowe – obligacje są emitowane, a następnie spłacane w jednej konkretnej walucie – ich wartość zmienia się wraz ze zmianami kursu tej waluty începe să înveți
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Currency movements - bonds are issued and then repaid in one particular currency - their value changes as that currency fluctuates
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Trzeci rodzaj rynku, z którego korzystają inwestorzy dysponujący wolnymi środkami pieniężnymi tylko na krótki okres (poniżej roku), nazywany jest rynkiem pieniężnym. începe să înveți
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A third type of market, used by investors with spare cash available for a short time period only (under a year), is called money market.
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Inwestorzy mogą kupić bony skarbowe od rządu USA, „certyfikaty depozytowe” od banku lub „papiery komercyjne” od firmy. Są to krótkoterminowe pożyczki, które płacą odsetki. începe să înveți
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Investors can buy T-bills from the US government, 'certificates of deposit' from a bank, or 'commercial paper' from a company. These are all short-term loans that pay interest.
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Rynek walutowy jest większy niż cały rynek papierów wartościowych razem wzięty (około 2 bilionów dolarów dziennie). începe să înveți
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The foreign exchange (=forex / currency) market is bigger than all the securities market combined (around $2 trillion a day).
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Tutaj dealerzy kupują i sprzedają pary walutowe, takie jak EUR/USD (= euro w stosunku do dolara). începe să înveți
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Here, dealers buy and sell currency pairs such as EUR/USD (= euro against the dollar).
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Banki komercyjne (reprezentujące zarówno siebie, jak i firmy klientów). începe să înveți
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Commercial banks (representing both themselves and client companies).
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Banki centralne (reprezentujące rządy starające się utrzymać stabilność własnej waluty). începe să înveți
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Central banks (representing governments trying to maintain stability of their own currency).
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începe să înveți
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Na tym rynku panuje ogromna ilość spekulacji. începe să înveți
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There is a huge amount of speculation in this market.
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Wahania wartości waluty pociągają za sobą różnego rodzaju implikacje dla: zakupu lub sprzedaży akcji i obligacji zagranicznych, handlu międzynarodowego, inflacji (z powodu płatności za towary importowane). începe să înveți
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If a currency fluctuates in value, there are all sorts of implications for: buying or selling foreign equities and bonds, international trade, inflation (because of payments for imported goods).
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Wreszcie, są rynki towarowe. Tutaj dealerzy handlują przyszłą ceną takich rzeczy jak: energia, metale, towary miękkie. începe să înveți
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Finally, there are the commodity markets. Here, dealers trade the future price of such things as: energy, metals, soft commodities.
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Wiele działań ma na celu zabezpieczenie się przed takim ryzykiem. începe să înveți
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A lot of dealing is done to protect against (=hedge) such risks.
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Energia: ropa naftowa, gaz ziemny începe să înveți
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Energy: crude oil, natural gas
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Metale: złoto, srebro, miedź, stal începe să înveți
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Metals: gold, silver, copper, steel
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Towary miękkie: kawa, cukier, zboża (np. kukurydza, pszenica, soja), zwierzęta gospodarskie (np. bydło, świnie) începe să înveți
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Soft commodities: coffee, sugar, grains (eg corn, wheat, soybeans), livestock (eg cattle, hogs)
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Indeks giełdowy (grupa wybranych akcji) începe să înveți
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Stock index (group of selected stocks)
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Rodzaje inwestorów: inwestorzy prywatni, instytucje finansowe (banki inwestycyjne, fundusze emerytalne, fundusze inwestycyjne, towarzystwa ubezpieczeniowe, fundusze powiernicze) începe să înveți
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Types of investor: Private investors, Financial institutions (investment banks, pension funds, mutual funds, insurance companies, endowments)
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Fundusze, które posiadają różnorodne, starannie wyselekcjonowane akcje începe să înveți
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Funds that hold various, carefully selected stocks
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Rodzaje funduszy: fundusz krajowy, fundusz sektorowy lub fundusz oparty na wielkości firmy (np. fundusz mniejszych firm japońskich) începe să înveți
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Types of funds: country fund, or sector fund, or fund based on company size (e.g. a Japanese Smaller Companies fund)
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akcje lub obligacje (np. fundusz obligacji korporacyjnych w Wielkiej Brytanii) începe să înveți
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equity or bond (e.g. a UK corporate bond fund)
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fundusze specjalistyczne (np. biotechnologia, zasoby naturalne, nieruchomości, tracker) începe să înveți
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specialist funds (e.g. biotechnology, natural resources, real estate, tracker)
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Cele inwestycyjne: bieżący dochód, przyszły wzrost kapitału începe să înveți
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Investment objectives: current income, future capital growth
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Strategie: Inwestowanie: kupuj i trzymaj na długi termin; Handel: kupuj i sprzedawaj na krótki termin începe să înveți
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Strategies: Investing: buy and hold for the long term; Trading: buy and sell over the short term
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Czynniki rynku wewnętrznego, takie jak wolumen, szerokość, dynamika începe să înveți
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Internal market factors such as volume, breadth, momentum
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Wzory wykresów: opór i wsparcie, kanały handlowe începe să înveți
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Chart Patterns: resistance and support, trading channels
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Nastawienie inwestorów: poziom byka lub niedźwiedzia na rynku începe să înveți
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Investor sentiment: levels of bullishness or bearishness in the market
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Wzrost i produktywność gospodarki începe să înveți
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Growth and productivity of economy
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Inflacja i kierunek stóp procentowych începe să înveți
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Inflation and direction of interest rates
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Zaufanie konsumentów: gotowość konsumentów do wydawania pieniędzy începe să înveți
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Consumer confidence: willingness of consumers to spend
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Ogólny termin papiery wartościowe odnosi się do akcji (lub udziałów) + obligacji + instrumentów rynku pieniężnego. începe să înveți
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The general term securities refers to equities (or shares or stocks) + bonds + money market instruments.
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Zamiast inwestować w akcje jednej spółki, możesz zainwestować w fundusz inwestycyjny, który posiada koszyk akcji. începe să înveți
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Instead of investing in the shares of just one company, you can invest in a mutual fund which holds a basket of stocks.
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Stały dochód możesz uzyskać z dywidend pochodzących z akcji, które posiadasz. începe să înveți
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Regular income can be provided by the dividends of shares that you own.
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Emitent obligacji zwraca posiadaczowi obligacji pierwotną kwotę (=kapitał) w ustalonym okresie czasu (= okres trwania pożyczki). începe să înveți
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The issuer of a bond pays back the original amount (= the principal) to the bondholder over a fixed period of time (= the term of the loan).
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Najczęściej wymienianą obligacją na świecie jest 30-letnia obligacja rządowa USA T-bond. Litera „T” oznacza „treasury”. începe să înveți
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The most traded bond in the world is the 30-year US government T-bond. The letter 'T' stands for 'treasury'.
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începe să înveți
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Fundusz, który dokładnie odzwierciedla zmiany indeksu, nazywa się funduszem śledzącym. începe să înveți
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A fund that exactly follows the movement of an index is called a tracker fund.
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Fundusz może zapewniać regularny dochód lub wzrost kapitału. începe să înveți
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A fund can provide regular income or capital growth.
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Obligacja to instrument finansowy, w ramach którego pożyczkobiorca pozyskuje kapitał, a następnie spłaca pożyczkę po stałej stopie procentowej w ustalonym okresie. începe să înveți
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A bond is a financial instrument where a borrower raises a capital and then repays the loan at a fixed rate of interest over a fixed term.
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Obligacje korporacyjne obarczone wysokim ryzykiem można nazwać obligacjami śmieciowymi. începe să înveți
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A high-risk corporate bond can be called a junk bond.
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„Hedging” to termin związany z zarządzaniem ryzykiem. Oznacza posiadanie drugiej pozycji na rynku, tak aby w przypadku, gdy rynek porusza się w kierunku przeciwnym do Twojej pierwszej pozycji, Twoje straty zostały zminimalizowane începe să înveți
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'Hedging' is a term associated with risk management. It means having a second position in a market, so that if the market moves against your first position your losses are minimized.
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rynek rozwijający się/byczy/rosnący/silny începe să înveți
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a booming/bull/rising/strong market
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rynek niedźwiedzi/depresja/spadek/słaby începe să înveți
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a bear/depressed/falling/weak market
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începe să înveți
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to acquire/buy/purchase shares
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mieć/posiadać/własność akcji începe să înveți
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începe să înveți
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USA: Dow Jones Industrial Average („Dow”), S&P 500, Nasdaq începe să înveți
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US: Dow Jones Industrial Average ('the Dow'), S&P 500, Nasdaq
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indeks giełdowy (grupa wybranych akcji) începe să înveți
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stock index (group of selected stocks)
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Europa: FTSE (Wielka Brytania), DAX (Niemcy), CAC (Francja), MIB (Włochy), SMI (Szwajcaria) începe să înveți
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Europe: FTSE (UK), DAX (Germany), CAC (France), MIB (Italy), SMI (Switzerland)
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Azja: Nikkei (Japonia), Hanc Seng (Hongkong) începe să înveți
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Asia: Nikkei (Japan), Hanc Seng (Hong Kong)
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S&P - indeks 500 największych amerykańskich spółek începe să înveți
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S&P - index of 500 large US companies
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Nasdaq – indeks 4000 amerykańskich spółek, z których wiele działa w sektorze technologicznym, a niektóre są dość małe începe să înveți
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Nasdaq - index of 4,000 US companies, many of them in the technology area, and some quite small
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Dow – indeks 30 dużych, dobrze prosperujących amerykańskich spółek, wybrany przez redaktorów Wall Street Journal începe să înveți
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Dow - index of 30 large, well-established US companies, chosen by editors of the Wall Street Journal
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DAX - indeks 30 największych niemieckich spółek începe să înveți
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DAX - index of 30 large German companies
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CAC - indeks 40 największych francuskich spółek începe să înveți
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CAC - index of 40 large French companies
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FTSE - indeks 100 największych brytyjskich spółek începe să înveți
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FTSE - index of 100 large UK companies
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obligacja rządu Wielkiej Brytanii (niskie ryzyko) începe să înveți
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a UK government bond (low risk, low return, low volatility)
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obligacja korporacyjna o ratingu inwestycyjnym (2) începe să înveți
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an investment-grade corporate bond (2)
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akcje pojedynczej spółki notowanej na Dow (np. General Electric) (3) începe să înveți
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shares in an individual company listed on the Dow (eg General Electric) (3)
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fundusz inwestujący w małe spółki biotechnologiczne (wysokie ryzyko, wysoki potencjalny zwrot, wysoka zmienność) începe să înveți
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a fund investing in small biotech companies (high risk, high potential return, high volatility)
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dobrze opłacany młody profesjonalista, bez rodziny, który chce oszczędzać długoterminowo na emeryturę (wzrost) începe să înveți
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a highly-paid young professional, without family, who wants to save long-term for a pension (growth)
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osoba niedawno przechodząca na emeryturę, która chce uzupełnić swoją emeryturę (dochód) începe să înveți
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a newly retired person who wants to supplement their pension (income)
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osoba po pięćdziesiątce, która właśnie otrzymała pieniądze w spadku – chce oszczędzać na emeryturę, ale chce również uzyskać pomoc w opłacaniu czesnego za studia swoich dzieci (dochód + wzrost) începe să înveți
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someone in their fifties who has just received money from an inheritance - they want to save for their pension, but also want help paying for their children's university fees (income+growth)
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Bank inwestycyjny – wykorzystywany przez duże firmy do emisji obligacji, kupna i sprzedaży walut, zarządzania portfelem akcji innych firm oraz doradzania w zakresie potencjalnych fuzji lub przejęć începe să înveți
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Investment bank - used by large companies to issue bonds, buy and sell currencies, manage their portfolio of shares in other companies, and advise on any potential merger or acquisition
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Fundusz emerytalny – służy do oszczędzania pieniędzy w trakcie życia zawodowego, a następnie do otrzymywania dochodu na emeryturze începe să înveți
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Pension fund - used to save money during your working life and then have an income during retirement
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Fundusz inwestycyjny – używany przez inwestorów prywatnych do przechowywania koszyka akcji începe să înveți
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Mutual fund - used by private investors to hold a basket of stocks
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Firma ubezpieczeniowa – służy do ochrony przed ryzykiem (wypłacane są pieniądze, jeśli wydarzy się coś złego) începe să înveți
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Insurance company - used to protect yourself against risks (money is paid out if something bad happens)
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Fundacja – wykorzystywana do generowania dochodu na cele niekomercyjne, w szczególności do prowadzenia uniwersytetu lub zapewniania usług charytatywnych (Fundacja Billa i Melindy Gatesów ma taką fundację) începe să înveți
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Endowment - used to generate an income for non-commercial purposes, in particular to run a university or provide for charity (the 'Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation' has one)
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elastyczność cenowa – jak wrażliwa jest sprzedaż firmy na zmiany cen jej produktów începe să înveți
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price elasticity - how sensitive a company's sales are to changes in the price of its products
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wymogi kapitałowe – ile pieniędzy potrzeba na prowadzenie tego typu działalności începe să înveți
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capital requirements - how much money is needed to run this type of business
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łatwość substytucji – czy inne firmy mogłyby zaoferować podobny produkt începe să înveți
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ease of substitution - whether other companies could offer a similar product
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penetracja rynku – jaki udział w rynku ma firma i czy ma silne produkty w różnych segmentach rynku începe să înveți
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market penetration - how much market share a company has, and whether it has strong products in different segments of the market
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bariery wejścia na rynek – trudności, z którymi musiałyby się zmierzyć inne firmy, próbując konkurować începe să înveți
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barriers to entry - difficulties that other companies would face if they tried to compete
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kapitalizacja rynkowa - cena akcji pomnożona przez całkowitą liczbę wyemitowanych akcji începe să înveți
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market capitalization - share price multiplied by total number of issued shares
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wzrost zysków – zyski na akcję, naliczane przez kilka lat începe să înveți
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earnings growth - earnings per share, compounded over several years
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zwrot z kapitału własnego – ile zysku jest generowane w stosunku do zainwestowanych pieniędzy akcjonariuszy începe să înveți
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return on equity - how much profit is generated in relation to the money shareholders have invested
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wskaźnik p/e – bieżąca cena akcji w porównaniu do zysku na akcję începe să înveți
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p/e ratio - current share price compared to its earnings per share
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stopa dywidendy – roczna dywidenda na akcję podzielona przez cenę akcji începe să înveți
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dividend yield - the annual dividends per share divided by the share price
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kapitalizacja rynkowa – „firma jest największa w swojej branży” începe să înveți
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market capitalization - 'the company is the biggest in its industry'
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wskaźnik p/e – „w porównaniu do konkurentów akcje są tanie” începe să înveți
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p/e ratio - 'compared to its competitors, the shares are cheap'
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wzrost zysków – „to prawdziwa akcja wzrostowa – przychody rosną z roku na rok” începe să înveți
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earnings growth - 'it's a real growth stock - revenues are up year on year'
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dividend yield - 'it's not a growth stock, but you'll get a steady income from the shares' începe să înveți
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dividend yield - 'it's not a growth stock, but you'll get a steady income from the shares'
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zwrot z kapitału własnego – „to dochodowa firma” începe să înveți
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return on equity - 'it's a profitable company'
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opór – poziom cenowy, który poprzednio zatrzymywał wzrost începe să înveți
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resistance - a price level which has stopped an advance on previous occasions
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wsparcie – poziom cen, który w poprzednich przypadkach zatrzymywał spadek începe să înveți
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support - a price level which has stopped a decline on previous occasions
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wolumen – „całkowita liczba akcji będących przedmiotem obrotu na rynku w danym dniu” începe să înveți
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volume - 'the total number of shares traded in a market on a particular day'
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szerokość – „liczba pojedynczych akcji biorących udział w ruchu indeksu” începe să înveți
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breadth - 'the number of individual stocks participating in the movement of an jndex'
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dynamika – siła trendu mierzona szybkością i długością czasu începe să înveți
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momentum - the strength of a trend, as measured by speed and length of time
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kanał handlowy – dwie równoległe linie narysowane na wykresie, które zawierają wszystkie ruchy cen w danym okresie czasu începe să înveți
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trading channel - two parallel lines drawn on a chart that contain all price movements over a time period
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Przywództwo – rodzaj firm, które poruszają rynek: firmy technologiczne czy firmy użyteczności publicznej? Spółki o dużej kapitalizacji czy małej kapitalizacji? începe să înveți
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Leadership - the kind of companies that are moving the market: technology companies or utility companies? large cap or a small cap?
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płynność – czy na rynku są dostępne nowe pieniądze do zainwestowania începe să înveți
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liquidity - whether there is new money available to invest in the market
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Za wszystkie międzynarodowe transakcje dotyczące towarów i usług trzeba zapłacić, a kupujący zazwyczaj płaci w walucie sprzedającego. începe să înveți
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All international transactions in goods and services have to be paid for, and the buyer usually pays in the currency of the seller.
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Tak więc popyt na walutę danego kraju będzie duży, jeśli: będzie nadwyżka handlowa lub cudzoziemcy będą kupować dużo akcji i obligacji tego kraju începe să înveți
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So, there will be a high demand for a country's currency if: there is a trade surplus or foreigners are buying a lot of that country's equities and bonds
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nadwyżka handlowa (czyli kraj eksportuje więcej niż importuje) – ponieważ obcokrajowcy potrzebują waluty, aby dokonywać płatności începe să înveți
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trade surplus (ie the country exports more than it imports) - because foreigners need the currency to make their payments
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cudzoziemcy kupują dużo akcji i obligacji tego kraju – potrzebują waluty, aby dokonywać zakupów începe să înveți
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foreigners are buying a lot of that country's equities and bonds - they need the currency to make their purchases
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Wzrost popytu na walutę z jednego lub drugiego powodu spowoduje wzrost jej wartości. începe să înveți
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Increased demand for the currency for either reason will make it rise in value.
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Jednak w krótkim okresie głównym czynnikiem wpływającym na rynek Forex są różnice w stopach procentowych. începe să înveți
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But over the short term the main factor affecting the forex market is interest-rate differentials.
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Gdy bank centralny kraju podnosi stopy procentowe, popyt na jego walutę rośnie. Dlaczego? Po prostu dlatego, że traderzy walutowi szukają miejsca, w którym mogliby zaparkować swoje pieniądze începe să înveți
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As the central bank of a country raises rates, the demand for its currency rises. Why? Simply because currency traders are looking for somewhere to park their cash
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Jeżeli Rezerwa Federalna USA płaci 4%, a Europejski Bank Centralny 2%, wówczas gotówka przechowywana w USA w postaci dolarów będzie generowała większe odsetki. începe să înveți
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If the US Federal Reserve is paying 4% and the European Central Bank 2%, then cash will earn more interest held in the US as dollars.
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