→ LESSON 12 GERUND OR TO INFINITIVE → Începe să înveți / Descarcă cartonașele MP3

Întrebare		Răspuns
Gerund after PREPOSITIONS începe să înveți		I'm tired of running.
Gerund after CERTAIN VERBS: like, love, hate, enjoy, mind, finish, stop începe să înveți		I enjoy seeing you.
Gerund as the SUBJECT of a sentence începe să înveți		Smoking is a pleasure.
TO+INFINITIVE After ADJECTIVES începe să înveți		This problem is difficult to solve.
TO+INFINITIVE After CERTAIN VERBS: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, forget, seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage. începe să înveți		I would like to escape.
TO+INFINITIVE To express PURPOSE/REASON începe să înveți		I'm chasing this guy to earn my bread and butter.
Stop! I'm tired of running. începe să înveți		This is a difficult situation to solve. I enjoy seeing you tired, but I would also like to escape.
USUALLY: FOR CURRENT HABITS Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little. începe să înveți		subject + USUALLY + verb Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little.
USED TO: FOR PAST HABITS OR PAST SITUATIONS THAT HAVE CHANGED Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke. începe să înveți		subject + USED TO + infinitive Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke.
BE USED TO: FOR A NEW SITUATION THAT YOU ARE ALREADY ACCUSTOMED TO Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking. craving a very strong desire for something: a craving for chocolate începe să înveți		subject + BE USED TO + gerund or noun Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking.
GET USED TO: FOR SOMETHING THAT IS BECOMING FAMILIAR TO YOU OR TO WHICH YOU ARE ADAPTING. Melissa and Meritxell haven't gotten used to living without addictions. începe să înveți		subject + GET USED TO + gerund or noun
Repeat after me: I used to take drugs. începe să înveți		I used to take drugs.
WISHES începe să înveți		I wish you were here. I wish we were lying in bed together. You can use "were" for I/he/she/it.
WISH is commonly used începe să înveți		to express regret or in reference to unreal situations.
Wishes for the PRESENT and FUTURE începe să înveți		Use PAST SIMPLE or PAST CONTINUOUS
Use PAST SIMPLE He wishes she were here. începe să înveți		to express when you would like a situation to be different. He wishes she were here.
Use PAST CONTINUOUS He wishes they were lying on the bed. începe să înveți		to express when you would like to be doing something different. He wishes they were lying on the bed.
Wishes for the PAST I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over. începe să înveți		Use PAST PERFECT I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over.
Use PAST PERFECT He wishes she handn't come over. începe să înveți		to express regret or when you would like a situation to be different.
To COMPLAIN or express IMPATIENCE începe să înveți		Use WOULD+VERB or COULD+VERB
Use WOULD+VERB începe să înveți		He wishes she would stop laughing.
Use COULD+VERB începe să înveți		He wishes he could make her disappear.
You can use SUBJECT+WISH+PRONOUN in fixed expressions: începe să înveți		I wish you the best.
RATHER at The Museum of Modern Art începe să înveți		I would rather shoot myself than wait in line with all these snobs.
Look and learn! You have to be an alternative artist. începe să înveți		Oh Daddy! I would rather just be a waitress.
RATHER is used începe să înveți		to express PREFERENCE
RATHER THAN He is a sex maniac rather than an art enthusiastic începe să înveți		means "instead of" or "and not". Normally used to compare parallel structures.
WOULD RATHER ... THAN începe să înveți		means "would prefer to...
WOULD RATHER ... THAN is used to show preference between options. Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else. începe să înveți		SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION 1+THAN+OPTION 2 Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else.
WOULD RATHER începe să înveți		means "would prefer"
WOULD RATHER is used to show preference for one option over another. -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here. începe să înveți		SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here.
OR RATHER She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted. începe să înveți		Used to change what it is just said. She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted.
RATHER Marilyn had a rather tender look. începe să înveți		is also an adverb of degree. It means "quite". Marilyn had a rather tender look.
Connectors începe să înveți		Connectors, also called linking words or linkers, indicate the relationship between ideas.
The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, (?), the car lights începe să înveți		The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, in addition, the car lights
the car lights didn't work (?) they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier. începe să înveți		the car lights didn't work because they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier.
(?) all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed. începe să înveți		Despite all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed.
The lights of the house were on (?) Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window. începe să înveți		The lights of the house were on so Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window.
There he saw Elisabeth crying. (?), a shiver came over his body. începe să înveți		There he saw Elisabeth crying. Suddenly, a shiver came over his body.
(?) crying, începe să înveți		Instead of crying,
Elisabeth was actually laughing (?) looking directly into Harry's eyes începe să înveți		Elisabeth was actually laughing and looking directly into Harry's eyes
(?) holding the gun. începe să înveți		while holding the gun.
Type of connectors începe să înveți		by meaning
GIVING EXAMPLES începe să înveți		for example (e.g.), for instance, such as
INTRODUCING A TOPIC începe să înveți		with regard to, regarding, concerning, by the way
ADDING INFORMATION începe să înveți		and, also, too, as well as, in addition, apart from, besides, furthermore, moreover, then again
SUMMARIZING începe să înveți		in short, in brief, in summary, to conclude, in conclusion
GIVING REASON începe să înveți		because, because of, for, since, as, due to, owing to
INTRODUCING DEVELOPMENTS începe să înveți		so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, hence
REFLECTING CONTRAST începe să înveți		but, however, although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, whereas, unlike, on the other hand, anyway
SEQUENCING IDEAS începe să înveți		firstly, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, lastly, finaly
DURING THE NARRATIVE începe să înveți		at the beginning, then, at last, once, afterwards, suddenly, finally, in the end
EMPHASIZING începe să înveți		obviously, particularly, in theory, in fact, especially
SHOWING CERTAINTY începe să înveți		surely, indeed, undoubtedly, certainly, even so
Relative Clauses începe să înveți		A relative clause is a dependent clause that mofifies a word, phrase or idea in the main clause.
A relative clause begins with a începe să înveți		RELATIVE PRONOUN WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT or WHITCH The type of clause determines which relative pronoun to use. (in certain situations, WHAT, WHEN and WHERE can function as relative pronouns)
There are two types of relative clauses: începe să înveți		NON-DEFINING CLAUSES and DEFINING CLAUSES
Defining Clauses începe să înveți		The information contained in defining clauses is ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's nor clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is NOT separated by a COMMA.
In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: The woman who is pushing a stroller is her heroine începe să înveți		For people: WHO, THAT (and WHOM followed by a preposition). For things: WHICH, THAT stroller: a chair on wheels in which a small child can be pushed along SYN buggy British English
Non-defining Clauses începe să înveți		In non-defining clauses the information is NOT ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's still clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is separated by a COMMA from the main clause.
In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: Exercise, which is supposed to be good for your health, is killing her. începe să înveți		For people: WHO (and WHOM, WHOSE) For things: WHICH (and WHOSE)
ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICES începe să înveți		There are two voices in English: the active and the passive
The ACTIVE VOICE The dog bit Julianne's leg. începe să înveți		describes what the subject does. The dog bit Julianne's leg.
The PASSIVE VOICE Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog. începe să înveți		describes what is done to the subject. It's usually used when we don't know or are not interested in who performs the action. Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog.
The passive voice is formed with: începe să înveți		TO BE+PAST PARTICIPLE is made...
It can also be formed by: începe să înveți		TO GET+PAST PARTICIPLE got broken...
All the verb tenses can be expressed in passive voice. începe să înveți		The concert will be performed next week. The concert has been performed already.
BY is used începe să înveți		to show the person or thing doing the action. The painting was made by a monkey.
I would like him to be eaten too. începe să înveți		The pigeons are eating a worm. Worms are eaten every day all over the world.
Reported Speech începe să înveți		I need a friend ASAP. She said she needed a friend ASAP. ASAP the abbreviation of as soon as possible
There are two ways to repeat what another person said: începe să înveți		DIRECT SPEECH and REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH începe să înveți		uses exact words in quotation marks. She said "I need a friend".
REPORTED SPEECH începe să înveți		is indirect. She said she needed a friend.
Reported speech uses începe să înveți		the past form of direct speech.
I need a friend. începe să înveți		She said she needed a friend.
I'm feeling alone. începe să înveți		She said she was feeling alone.
I've spent all Sundays watching TV. începe să înveți		She said she had spent all Sunday watching TV.
I will go to bed early. începe să înveți		She said she would go to bed early.
When direct speech uses a past form, începe să înveți		reported speech doesn't change.
I was afraid. începe să înveți		She said she was afraid.
I was looking for a better life. începe să înveți		She said she was looking for a better life.

LESSON 12 GERUND OR TO INFINITIVE

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