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Sociology is the study of society, social relationships, and social institutions. începe să înveți
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Socjologia to nauka o społeczeństwie, relacjach społecznych i instytucjach społecznych.
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Culture refers to the beliefs, values, norms, and material objects shared by a group of people. începe să înveți
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Kultura odnosi się do przekonań, wartości, norm i przedmiotów materialnych dzielonych przez grupę ludzi.
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Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms and values of their society. începe să înveți
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Socjalizacja to proces trwający całe życie, w którym jednostki uczą się norm i wartości społeczeństwa.
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A norm is a rule or guideline that governs behavior in society. începe să înveți
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Norma to zasada lub wskazówka regulująca zachowanie w społeczeństwie.
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Values are culturally defined standards of what is good, desirable, and proper. începe să înveți
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Wartości to kulturowo określone standardy tego, co jest dobre, pożądane i właściwe.
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Status is a social position that a person holds in a group or society. începe să înveți
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Status to pozycja społeczna, którą jednostka zajmuje w grupie lub społeczeństwie.
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A role is the expected behavior associated with a particular status. începe să înveți
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Rola to oczekiwane zachowanie związane z danym statusem.
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Social institutions are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. începe să înveți
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Instytucje społeczne to zorganizowane wzorce przekonań i zachowań związane z podstawowymi potrzebami społecznymi.
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The family is considered a primary social institution. începe să înveți
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Rodzina uważana jest za podstawową instytucję społeczną.
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Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms. începe să înveți
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Dewiacja to zachowanie naruszające normy społeczne.
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Social control includes methods a society uses to encourage conformity and discourage deviance. începe să înveți
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Kontrola społeczna obejmuje metody, jakie społeczeństwo stosuje, by zachęcać do konformizmu i zniechęcać do dewiacji.
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Anomie is a state of normlessness where individuals feel disconnected from society. începe să înveți
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Anomia to stan beznormatywności, w którym jednostki czują się odłączone od społeczeństwa.
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Stratification is the structured inequality between different groups of people. începe să înveți
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Stratyfikacja to strukturalna nierówność między różnymi grupami społecznymi.
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Social mobility is the ability to move up or down the social hierarchy. începe să înveți
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Mobilność społeczna to zdolność przemieszczania się w górę lub w dół hierarchii społecznej.
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Gender is a social construct related to roles and behaviors society considers appropriate for men and women. începe să înveți
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Płeć kulturowa to konstrukt społeczny dotyczący ról i zachowań uznawanych za odpowiednie dla kobiet i mężczyzn.
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Race is a socially constructed category based on perceived physical differences. începe să înveți
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Rasa to społecznie skonstruowana kategoria oparta na postrzeganych różnicach fizycznych.
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Ethnicity refers to shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions. începe să înveți
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Etniczność odnosi się do wspólnych praktyk kulturowych, perspektyw i różnic.
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A stereotype is a generalized belief about a group of people. începe să înveți
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Stereotyp to uogólnione przekonanie o grupie ludzi.
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Discrimination is unfair treatment of individuals based on their group membership. începe să înveți
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Dyskryminacja to niesprawiedliwe traktowanie jednostek ze względu na przynależność do grupy.
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Power is the ability to achieve goals despite resistance from others. începe să înveți
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Władza to zdolność do osiągania celów mimo oporu innych.
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Authority is power that is perceived as legitimate. începe să înveți
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Autorytet to władza postrzegana jako uzasadniona.
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Social change refers to significant alterations in behavior patterns and culture over time. începe să înveți
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Zmiana społeczna odnosi się do znaczących zmian we wzorcach zachowań i kulturze na przestrzeni czasu.
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Urbanization is the process by which rural areas become urban. începe să înveți
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Urbanizacja to proces przekształcania obszarów wiejskich w miejskie.
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Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of the world’s societies. începe să înveți
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Globalizacja to rosnące wzajemne powiązanie społeczeństw na całym świecie.
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Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. începe să înveți
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Funkcjonalizm postrzega społeczeństwo jako system powiązanych części współpracujących dla utrzymania stabilności.
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Conflict theory sees society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. începe să înveți
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Teoria konfliktu postrzega społeczeństwo jako złożone z grup rywalizujących o ograniczone zasoby.
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Symbolic interactionism focuses on the meanings individuals give to social interactions. începe să înveți
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Interakcjonizm symboliczny skupia się na znaczeniach, jakie jednostki nadają interakcjom społecznym.
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Social constructivism argues that reality is shaped through social processes and interactions. începe să înveți
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Konstruktywizm społeczny twierdzi, że rzeczywistość jest kształtowana przez procesy i interakcje społeczne.
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Social capital refers to the networks and relationships that enable society to function effectively. începe să înveți
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Kapitał społeczny to sieci i relacje umożliwiające sprawne funkcjonowanie społeczeństwa.
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Cultural relativism is the principle of understanding a culture on its own terms. începe să înveți
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Relatywizm kulturowy to zasada rozumienia kultury na jej własnych warunkach.
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